ACSS_f5-272-289 1/10/07 8:32 PM Page 273 GRAVE-GOODS FROM A RICH TOMB IN GORGIPPIA(?) DATING FROM THE 2ND CENTURY AD AND NOW IN THE COLLECTION OF THE STATE HISTORICAL MUSEUM (MOSCOW)1 MIKHAIL YU. TREISTER, DENIS V. ZHURAVLEV Abstract. In 1982 The State Historical Museum acquired a set of a gold funeral wreath and three pair of earrings from the KGB. According to the given information the objects originated from the clandestine excavations in Anapa or its vicinities. The complex of jewellery discussed is chronologically close to the burial in the tomb II, excavated in 1975 in Gorgippia, which may be dated not later than the middle-third quarter of the 2nd century AD. The fact that the plaque of the funerary wreath finds parallels only among the medallions from Gorgippia, and was most probably hammered in the same matrix as these objects, gives grounds to discuss the complex of finds as most probably originating from the necropolis of Gorgippia. Having in mind the wealth of the complex, the time and the circumstances of its acquisition, it may be tentatively supposed, that the finds originate from a monumental tomb, excavated in Gorgippia in 1978, which was robbed several years before. Regrettably, we will never find out about any other objects and the complete inventory of this tomb will remain unknown. I. Circumstances associated with the acquisition of this assemblage by the State Historical Museum In 1982 a gold funerary wreath and three pairs of earrings were brought to the State Historical Museum for expert analysis. According to the information obtained from documents relating to a criminal investigation, these items had been obtained during illegal excavations in Anapa or nearby. Unfortunately, it did not prove possible to establish more precisely the circumstances relating to this find. The conclusions drawn after expert analysis of the items in question was prepared by N. P. Sorokina. who would appear to have initiated Section I was written by D. V. Zhuravlev, Section II by M. Yu. Treister and Sections III and IV by both authors together. The drawings are the work of I. V. Trishina (Rukavishnikova) and the photographs were taken by M. Yu. Treister. 1 © Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2006 Also available online – www.brill.nl Ancient Civilizations 12, 3-4 ACSS_f5-272-289 1/10/07 8:32 PM Page 274 274 MIKHAIL YU. TREISTER, DENIS V. ZHURAVLEV negotiations for the transfer of the finds to the Museum. Eventually the investigative department of the Ministry for Internal Affairs proposed that the finds should be handed over to the State Historical Museum. A letter was written by the Deputy Minister of Culture of the RSFSR, A. I. Shkurko to the Supreme Court of the RSFSR addressed to G. G. D’yakin, who decreed that the finds be transferred to the State Historical Museum. The items in question were duly made available by the Finance and Planning Department of the KGB of the USSR on August 25, 1982 (Document No. 204). II. Description and Attribution 1) A gold funerary wreath in the form of a narrow band with a clasp in the form of a loop and hook and with trefoils inserted into pre-prepared holes: the spines of the leaves had been embossed and the wreath was decorated in the middle with a round medallion attached to the band with rivets (Figs. 1 and 3). On the round medallion there was an embossed depiction of the bust of a goddess worked in low relief: the goddess was wearing a chiton and a necklace with pendants in the shape of amphorae (?), she had a quiver behind her right shoulder and there was a half-figure of Eros to the right and left of the central figure. Below the depiction of the bust of the goddess there were two small figures of animals: a dog (or wolf) and an ungulate. The wreath in question is a comparatively rare variety of funerary adornment. Typologically speaking the closest parallel for it is provided by a wreath from a tomb in Gorgippia, No. II/1975, decorated in the middle by a rectangular plate attached with rivets and bearing an embossed depiction of the bust of a female deity.2 Another gold wreath, on to which a rectangular plate has been fixed, has a wider band: it was decorated with an embossed depiction of the head of Medusa and formed part of an assemblage of jewellery items which was most probably discovered during illegal excavations within the territory of the Asian part of the Bosporus and is currently held in Kiev.3 Alekseeva 1982b, 22; Alekseeva 1997, 183 ff., fig. 55; 214; Cat. Moscow 1987, No. 261, pls. 47-48; Cat. Mannheim 1989, No. 261, pl. 45; Cat. Tokyo 1991, No. 176; Bergmann 1998, 83, note 510; Ustinova 1999, 163; Rumscheid 2000, 60; Treister 2001, 307 and 309; Cat. Paris 2001, No. 324; Treister 2003, 53 ff., fig. 8; Mordvinceva, Treister 2005, 72, pl. 32, 12-13. 3 Kiev, National Museum of History of the Ukraine, Inv. No. TKB 11821. ‰PA 1882. From 2 ACSS_f5-272-289 1/10/07 8:32 PM Page 275 GRAVE-GOODS FROM A RICH TOMB IN GORGIPPIA 275 Parallels for the celery leaves in the wreath published here with their smoothly curved side edges are also to be found in the above-mentioned wreaths from Gorgippia now held in Kiev. Leaves of this shape are in general characteristic of funerary wreaths from the Bosporus in the 2nd century AD.4 They differ conspicuously from the leaves with straight side edges, which have also been discovered in burial complexes in the Bosporus5 – as if this leaf-shape relates back to a far earlier period.6 The depiction on the wreath from the Gorgippia vault has been identified by E. M. Alekseeva as an image of Aphrodite Urania with a sceptre behind her back and the small figure of an Eros looking out from behind her left shoulder.7 It should be noted that the attribution of the goddess depicted on the plate forming part of the funerary wreath from Anapa as Aphrodite Urania is by no means unanimously accepted: the arrangement of the goddess’ hair forming a large bun in the centre (a hair-style of the so-called “Cnidian type”) and also the quiver protruding from behind her right shoulder, as opposed to a sceptre as suggested by Alekseeva, are characteristics regularly found in depictions of Artemis in artistic metal-work starting from the Hellenistic period.8 In this particular case it is likely that what we have before us is a the collection of S. N. Platonov. We have already published illustrations of certain finds from this assemblage: Treister 2000, 364 ff. 4 Cf. the leaves on a wreath in the shape of a broad (3.4 cm) ribbon bearing an embossed depiction of the head of Medusa in a circle: from the necropolis at Panticapaeum, excavations led by A. E. Lyutsenko in 1862: Cat. Paris 1967, No. 151 (2nd century AD). Also a 2nd-century AD tomb discovered accidentally at the site of Glinishche in 1896: von Stern 1898, 273, Nos. 2-3, pls. A1, 1 and 4. A funerary wreath with an impression of a Roman silver denarius minted by Antoninus Pius in 148-149 AD: Tanais, Burial No. 26, Trench XVIII/1992 (Arsen’eva et alii 2001, 153, No. 388, pls. 66 and 845). Wreaths from 2nd century AD burials discovered in the Panticapaeum necropolis in 1910: Pharmakowsky 1911, 198-202, figs. 9-10. See also similar leaves in the assemblage of funerary jewellery from the North Pontic region and held in Hamburg: Hoffmann, von Claer 1968, No. 51: from the Merle de Massoneau collection in Berlin, Antikensammlung: Greifenhagen 1970, 42, pl. 18, 5. Leaves from wreaths of a similar shape have also been found in Asia Minor: Bingöl 1999, No. 15. 5 Nymphaeum – a stone tomb: excavations led by V. N. Zinko in 1993, mid-1st century AD(?): Zinko 2001, 314 ff., fig. 8, 1. Artyukhov burial-mound, Tomb No. VII; Maksimova 1979, 130 ff., No. 1, fig. 59. Tanais, Burial No. 232, 1st century AD. 6 Maksimova 1979, 131. 7 Alekseeva 1986, 35, fig. 1, 6; 39; Alekseeva 1997, 62-63. 8 For an analysis of depictions of busts of Artemis with a hair-style of the “Cnidian type” ACSS_f5-272-289 1/10/07 8:32 PM Page 276 276 MIKHAIL YU. TREISTER, DENIS V. ZHURAVLEV syncretic image. Details of the depiction such as the necklace with pendants, the quiver behind the right shoulder, the hair-style of the goddess and the folds in her apparel as found on the plate from the tomb in Gorgippia and the round plate forming part of the wreath examined here are virtually identical. Furthermore, above the right shoulder of the goddess on the plate from the wreath found in Vault II at Gorgippia, the small damaged head of the second Eros can be made out and in the lower part of the plate there are lines which provide grounds for another suggestion outlined below. The square plate for the wreath found in a sarcophagus at Gorgippia, the round plate of the wreath examined in this article and the round medallion bearing a depiction of the bust of a goddess complete with a quiver, two Erotes and small figures of animals at the bottom9 from an infant burial in the necropolis at Gorgippia (No. 43/1992) were all struck with one and the same stamp. It is clear that the “medallion made of gold leaf with a depiction of Artemis, two Erotes, a dog, a wolf and a wild goat” found at Anapa, which was seen and drawn by Consul Ya. V. E. Taitbout de Marygny of the Netherlands resident in Odessa, when he was received by the commander of the Anapa fortress, Colonel von Brinken,10 must have been similar. 2) Earrings in the shape of bent wires with pendants in the shape of triangular base-plates complete with additional chain pendants, at the ends of which there had probably originally been beads (Fig. 2, 1; 4, 1). Each baseplate was decorated with three raised and drop-shaped inlays made of glass (the two lower ones are in imitation of striped agate and the upper one in imitation of amber) in cells formed from strips of metal and framed by beaded wire soldered in place. At the bases of the drop-shaped cells five deep cylindrical cells had been arranged in two rows soldered on to the base-plates, which had probably initially been filled with paste. It would seem that these earrings belong to the range of the late type, widespread in the North Pontic region, mostly in the 3rd-4th centuries AD.11 and with a quiver behind her shoulder on medallions dating from the Hellenistic period found in northern Greece and the Eastern Mediterranean, see Miller 1979, 35-38. 9 Alekseyeva 1994, 50, fig. 4d; Alekseeva 1997, 221 ff., fig. 65; Cat. Moscow 1998, 5 (fig.); Treister 2001, 309 and 464, fig. 123. 10 Taitbout de Marygny 1844, 628 ff.; Tunkina 2002, 585. 11 Kerch, Messaksudi collection, Louvre: de Ridder 1924, 34, Bj 433-434 [MND 1281], pl. VIIII; Coche de la Ferté 1956, 91, pl. XLIII, 3. Kerch, Merle de Massoneau collection, Cologne: Damm 1988, 126 ff., No. 36, figs. 75-77, D 290a,b,c. Krasnozerie, Bakhchisarai District, Tomb ACSS_f5-272-289 1/10/07 8:32 PM Page 277 GRAVE-GOODS FROM A RICH TOMB IN GORGIPPIA 277 The earliest earrings with pendants in the shape of a a triangular plate were discovered in Burial-mound No. 20 at Novoaleksandrovka.12 At the same time an earring from Kamova Mogila with a triangular plate and three oval-shaped inlays makes it possible to assume that the appearance of the earliest specimens of this type was as early as the 1st century AD.13 The earrings found in the vicinity of Anapa differ from the earrings referred to above by the fact that in the three drop-shaped inlays at their base there are small round cells made of strips of metal, which we find on 1st-century earrings with plates decorated with figures from Porogi,14 Severinovka,15 Chertovitskii Burial-ground,16 Olbia (from illegal excavations in 1913)17 and also on earrings from the Rostov museum.18 This means that the earrings examined in this article can date from the 1st or 2nd century AD. It would be difficult to give them a more precise date within that period. 3) In the assemblage under discussion here earrings were found (Fig. 2, 2-3; 4, 2-3) in the shape of small rings made of two smooth twisted wires and one beaded wire and with silver beads on the ends of the wires before the loop No. 22, rescue excavations 1995-6: Nenevolya, Voloshinov 2001, 142 and 144, fig. 4, 6. Kerch, collection of P. O. Burachkov (unpublished), State Historical Museum, Inv. No. 14904-14905, File B-300. 12 Cat. Daoulas 1995, 103 ff., No. 126. 13 Simonenko, Mel’nik 2004, 272, fig. 2, 3. The burial in Kamova Mogila was dated by A. V. Simonenko within the late 1st – second half of the 2nd century AD. However, the find in the same burial of an oval gold brooch with the receiver for double needle (Simonenko, Mel’nik 2004, 272, fig. 2, 6), of the type, which cannot be dated later than the first half of the 1st century AD, attracts attention. A similar character of decoration of the cells of the brooch and the earring, a similarly coloured and structured enamel, give the ground to suggest that both pieces were manufactured as items of one and the same jewellery set. The analysis of the decoration of the brooch in comparison with the plaques from Zubov barrow No. 1 (Dumberg 1901, 95, fig. 1; Gushchina, Zasetskaya 1989, No. 113, pl. XII; Anfimov 1987, 206 below; Cat. Hamburg 1993, No. 161) allows us to suggest, the brooch from Kamova Mogila, and most probably the above discussed earring could hardly have been manufactured later than the early 1st century AD. 14 Simonenko, Loba¬ 1991, 29-31, No. 1, fig. 19, 1-2, fig. 24; Cat. Rimini 1995, 151, IV.14; Cat. Milan 1995, No, 71; Davnya istoriya Ukraini 1998, coloured insert at p. 168. 15 Cat. Rimini 1995, 146, IV.6; Cat. Milan 1995, No. 74. 16 Medvedev 1981, 255-257, 259, fig. 3, 20; 4; Medvedev, Pryakhin 1983, 118 ff., fig. 12, 43-44; Simonenko, Loba¬ 1991, fig. 34, 2. 17 Zahn 1921, 29-30, 33-34, pl. 25D; Cat. Baltimore 1979, No. 284; Oliver 2000, 51, note 4. 18 Il’yukov 1998, 89, No. 2d, fig. 5; Cat. Frankfurt 2003, 44, fig. 17 middle right. ACSS_f5-272-289 1/10/07 8:32 PM Page 278 278 MIKHAIL YU. TREISTER, DENIS V. ZHURAVLEV (Catalogue Nos. 3-4).19 The hoops of the earrings are made of twisted smooth and beaded wires. Similar earrings in a number of different variants have been found in large numbers in the North Pontic region. They can be made from one smooth and one beaded wire20 or from two beaded wires and one smooth one.21 Earrings with hoops fashioned in this way and provided with additional decoration in the form of beads or a plate soldered on to them with inlays, represented mainly by finds from the necropoleis at Panticapaeum and Gorgippia dating from the late 1st or early-2nd century AD, show how widespread this kind of decoration was in the jewellery of the Bosporus. Apart from these finds in the Bosporus, earrings fashioned in the same way (silver ones) are known to us mainly from finds made at Dura-Europos.22 In addition to earrings, bracelets with similar hoops were also found at Dura-Europos.23 Earrings with hoops like those of the earrings under discussion decorated with silver beads have been found in Burial No. 27/1991 in the necropolis at Gorgippia,24 which were dated by the authors to the first quarter of the 2nd century AD on the basis of a bronze fibula,25 and also in a grave dating from the Earrings formed of twisted wires in this way, but decorated with round cells containing garnet inlays and small pyramids of granulation soldered on to the hoop at the bottom, are to be found in the collection of P. Canellopoulos: Laffineur 1980, No. 149, fig. 166. See, also a similar earring from the Cycladic island Anaphe: Greifenhagen 1975, 61, pl. 49, 4; Cat. Frankfurt 1999, No. 69. 20 Ust-Alma, Tomb No. 735/1999: Puzdrovskij, Zajcev 2004, 248 f., No. 1, fig. 12, 1. Merle de Massoneau collection, Berlin, Antikensammlung: Greifenhagen 1970, 46, pl. 23, 2; Musche 1988, 54 ff., Types 1.2.3, pl. VIII. Sinyagino village (formerly known as Eni-Kale east of Kerch), chance find: Veselov 1959, 231 ff., fig. 7. Collection of P. O. Burachkov, State Historical Museum, Inv. No. 78607, k.p. 56367-56368; k.p. 3912-3913. 21 Olbia, Burial No. 39/1896: CR St. Petersburg 1896, 210, fig. 601. 22 Musche 1988, 55, Type 1.2.7-1.2.8, pl. VIII. 23 Johnson 1931, 78, No. 1, pl. XLIV, 2; No. 2, pl. XLV, 1; Nettleton 1933, 255, No. 1; Deppert-Lippitz 1987, 190; Musche 1988, 260 ff., Type 7.2.2, 7.2.4; 7.3; 208 ff., pl. 74; Guiraud 1996, 92, 94, fig. 63. 24 Alekseeva et alii 1991, 99, No. 79, fig. 69; Alekseeva 1994, 52, fig. 6. 25 At the same site a ring was found with an amethyst inlay engraved with a depiction of a bust of Apollo (Alekseeva et alii 1991, 98 ff., No. 77, fig. 73; Alekseeva 1994, 53, fig. 7; Alekseeva 1997, 236, fig. 70. Also a glass rod designed for cosmetic purposes made of transparent, mauve glass and another of white opaque glass (Alekseeva et alii 1991, 98 ff., No. 75, fig. 76), a glass tumbler and a glass balsamarium made of transparent bright blue glass. 19 ACSS_f5-272-289 1/10/07 8:32 PM Page 279 GRAVE-GOODS FROM A RICH TOMB IN GORGIPPIA 279 mid- or late-1st century AD26 – No. 58(5)/1909 in the necropolis at Panticapaeum.27 It is interesting to note that the earrings from Gorgippia and its vicinity and also the gold earring from the infant burial in the Gorgippia necropolis (No. 43/1992, dating from the end of the 1st century or first half of the 2nd century AD,28 the hoop of which had been fashioned from four wires29 were constructed in a similar way at the transition from the hoop to the loop: the hoop widened out and had a hole in it into which the wire could be inserted, on to which the bead was attached. A pair of similar earrings with a hoop made out of four wires was found in Kerch30 and a single earring with the bead still intact was found in a burial-mound near Tyritake.31 Parallels for the use of hollow silver balls as beads for decorating the earrings found in the necropolis at Panticapaeum and Gorgippia are provided by some earrings from Panticapaeum which are complete with pendants in the form of tiny amphorae.32 III. Conclusion Analysis of items of jewellery acquired by the State Historical Museum from the KGB of the USSR in 1982 reveals that they constituted the grave-goods Beads Inv.-No. Ô. 1909.52, late 1st century AD: Alekseeva 1982a, 63, No. Ô. 219. Glass balsamarium Inv.-No. Ô. 1909.62 mid-1st century AD: Kunina, Sorokina 1972, 158, fig. 6, 63; 174, note 111. Red-polished lagynos – Inv.-No., Ô. 1909.61, end of 1st century BC/ end of 1st century AD or early 1st century AD: Sokolova 1984, 130, 132 (workshop of the Pergamene group). Double ring with gem – Inv.-No. Ô. 1909.56. 27 CR St. Petersburg 1909-1910, 120, fig. 163; 122, No. 8; Shkorpil 1913, 22 f., fig. 14. 28 On the date of the burial, see: Alexeyeva 1994, 50 ff.: 1st century AD – two identical clay anthropomorphic gutti with a depiction of a female bust: Alekseyeva 1994, 50, fig. 4b-c. Similar gutti are to be found in the collection of the Odessa Archaeological Museum (Buravchuk 1985, 64, pl. 1, 4) and in the State Historical Museum (from the Burachkov collection) and they date from the 1st and 2nd centuries AD: Sorokina 1997, 47 ff., 76, No. 11, pl. IV, 4. A similar guttus was found in an infant burial of the 1st century AD in the Panticapaeum necropolis (Inv.No. Ô. 1873.125): Buravchuk 1985, 64. A gold fibula with a plate and a scroll at the end of the plate clasp (dating from the late 1st or early 2nd century AD): Alexeyeva 1994, 51, fig. 4g at the top: type Ambroz 1966, 45, Group 13.2 (small with an S-shaped scroll), pl. 5, 14. 29 Alekseyeva 1994, 51, fig. 4g right. 30 CR St. Petersburg 1881, 47, pl. I, 11. 31 Chuistova 1952, 224, fig. 6. 32 Kerch. P. O. Burachkov Collection. State Historical Museum. Inv. No. 10565. File B-300 (unpublished). 26 ACSS_f5-272-289 1/10/07 8:32 PM Page 280 280 MIKHAIL YU. TREISTER, DENIS V. ZHURAVLEV of a rich burial, close in date to the burial in the tomb (No. II/1975) in the Gorgippia necropolis, which can only date from a time no later than the second quarter or middle of the 2nd century AD. The round medallion decorating the funerary wreath, on which there is a depiction of a syncretic deity – so far only known from depictions on medallions from Gorgippia was probably embossed using the same mould, which gives us firm grounds for assuming that the assemblage of jewellery items under discussion here also came from Gorgippia. If we take into account how rich this assemblage is, its date and the circumstances of its acquisition by the Museum, it can be assumed that it was obtained through illegal excavation of the Gorgippia necropolis at the end of the 1970s or beginning of the 1980s. It is possible that what we have here is a portion of the grave-goods from the monumental tomb excavated in Anapa in 1978, which was plundered shortly beforehand, in 1973. The burial complex in question was investigated at the point, where two streets intersected in Anapa (Gorky Street and Vladimirskaya Street) not far from the tomb which had been excavated in 1975. It was here that the tomb was discovered consisting of specially hewn limestone plaques with a stone sarcophagus inside. On the floor of the sarcophagus “gold threads from ancient clothing were found together with pieces of asphalt”.33 Unfortunately we shall never know what the whole assemblage consisted of as no traces of the other missing articles have survived. IV. Catalogue No. 1. Funerary diadem with a round medallion decorated with a depiction of Aphrodite-Artemis and Eros (Fig. 1; 3) Gold, embossing. Length of the band – 62.2 cm. Width of the band – 9 mm. Diameter of the medallion – 5 cms. Weight – 26.7 grammes. Gold standard – 750. Inv. 105658. 3B-11320-27. File 1910/XXXV 1-8. Literature: Cat. Moscow 2002, No. 180; Treister 2003, 54; Mordvinceva, Treister 2005, 72, pl. 32, 15. 33 Alekseeva et alii 1979, 110. ACSS_f5-272-289 1/10/07 8:32 PM Page 281 GRAVE-GOODS FROM A RICH TOMB IN GORGIPPIA 281 No. 2. Earrings with pendants in the form of triangular plates with inlays and with additional pendants on chains (Fig. 2, 1; 4, 1). Gold, glass. Forging, filigree, soldering. Overall height – 6.4-6.6 cm. Length of the hoops – 3.4 and 3.5 cm. Pendants: height – 3.2 cm; length of the base – 2.5 cm; maximum thickness with inlays – 4 mm. Cells: height – 1.3 cm; width – 7 mm. Round cells: diameter – 2-2.5 mm. All pairs weighed 12.5 grammes. Gold standard – 750. Literature: Cat. Moscow 2002, Nos. 178-179; Treister 2003, 56 ff. No. 3. Earrings in the form of small rings made of twisted smooth and beaded wires with a bead (Fig. 2, 2; 4, 2). Gold, forging. Measurements 2.6 × 2.4 cm. Hoop in section – 1.2-3.3 mm. Length of the balls – 3.8-4.6 mm. Total weight of the two pairs – 15.62 grammes. Gold standard – 958. Inv. No. 105658. 3B-11321. File 1910/XXXV Nos. 11-12. Literature: Cat. Moscow 2002, Nos. 183-184; Treister 2003, 56. No. 4 Earrings in the shape of small rings made of twisted smooth wires and a beaded wire with a bead at the end (Fig. 2, 3; 4, 3). Gold, forging. Measurements: 1.96 × 1.74 cm; 1.84 × 1.78 cm. Hoop in section – 1.3 – 3.6 mm. Diameter of the small balls – 4.5-5.3 mm. Total weight of the two pairs – 15.62 grammes. Gold standard – 958. Inv. No. 105658. 3B11322. File 1910/XXXV Nos. 13-14. Literature: unpublished. ACSS_f5-272-289 1/10/07 8:32 PM Page 282 282 MIKHAIL YU. TREISTER, DENIS V. ZHURAVLEV 1 2 3 Fig. 1. Funerary wreath. ACSS_f5-272-289 1/10/07 8:32 PM Page 283 GRAVE-GOODS FROM A RICH TOMB IN GORGIPPIA 283 1 2 Fig. 2. Earrings. 3 ACSS_f5-272-289 1/10/07 8:32 PM Page 284 284 MIKHAIL YU. TREISTER, DENIS V. ZHURAVLEV Fig. 3. Funerary Wreath. Drawing by I. V. Trishina (Rukavishnikova). ACSS_f5-272-289 1/10/07 8:32 PM Page 285 GRAVE-GOODS FROM A RICH TOMB IN GORGIPPIA 1 2 Fig. 4. Earrings. Drawing by I. V. Trishina (Rukavishnikova). 285 ACSS_f5-272-289 1/10/07 8:32 PM Page 286 286 MIKHAIL YU. TREISTER, DENIS V. ZHURAVLEV BIBLIOGRAPHY Alekseeva, E.M. 1982a: Antichnÿe busÿ Severnogo Prichernomor’ya 3. SAI, G1-12 (Moscow). Alekseeva, E.M. 1982b: Yugo-vostochnaya chast’ nekropolya Gorgippii. In I.T. Kruglikova (ed.), Gorgippia. Materialÿ Anapsko¬ arkheologichesko¬ ékspeditsii 2 (Krasnodar), 5-116. Alekseeva, E.M. 1986: Kul’tÿ Gorgippii. SA 4, 1986, 34-52. Alekseyeva, E.M. 1994: Gorgippia: A Bosporan Polis in Ancient Sindike. Expedition 36, 2-3, 47-55. Alekseeva, E.M. 1997: Antichnÿ¬ gorod Gorgippia (Moscow). Alekseeva, E.M., Pilipko, V.N., Tsvetaeva, G.A., Shavÿrin, A.S., Nesterenko, N.D., & Ivashchenko, Yu.F. 1979: Rabotÿ v Gorgippii. AO 1978 g. (Moscow), 109-110. 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Colloquia Pontica 6 (Leiden, Boston, Cologne), 295-317. Abbreviations AA ACSS Archäologischer Anzeiger (Berlin). Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia. An International Journal of Comparative Studies in History and Archaeology (Leiden, Boston, Cologne). AO Arkheologicheskie otkrÿtiya (Moscow). BCH Bulletin de correspondence hellénique (Athens). CR St Petersburg Comptes Rendus de la Commission Impériale Archéologique (St. Petersburg). DonA Donskaya arkheologiya (Rostov-on-Don). GÉ Gosudarstvennÿi Érmitazh = State Hermitage (St. Petersburg). GIM Gosudarstvennÿi Istoricheskii Muzei = State Historical Museum (Moscow). IAK Izvestiya Imperatorskoï arkheologichesko¬ Komissii (St. Petersburg). IstForsch Istanbuler Forschungen (Berlin). KGB Komitet Gosudarstvennoi bezopasnosti = Committee of State Security KölnJbFrühGesch Kölner Jahrbuch von Vor- und Frühgeschichte (Köln). RAN Rossiiskaya Akademiya nauk = Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow). RSFSR Rossiskaya Sovetskaya Federativnaya sotsialisticheskaya respublika = Russian Soviet Socialist Republic SA Sovetskaya arkheologiya (Moscow, Leningrad). SAI Svod arkheologicheskikh istochnikov (Moscow). ZOOID Zapiski Odesskogo obshchestva istorii i drevnoste¬ (Odessa).